The Genealogy of Confusion
How did we get here? Trace the history of ideas from the split of Mind & Body to the death of Meaning.
René Descartes
The Great Divorce (Cartesian Dualism).
Descartes wanted certainty, so he doubted everything except his own mind ("Cogito, ergo sum").
The Error: He separated the knowing Mind from the physical World. Before him, the world was a book of symbols (Signs/Ayat). After him, it became a machine of dead matter.
David Hume
The Suicide of Reason.
If we only know what we "sense," how do we know Causality (that Fire causes Heat)? We don't see "Cause," we only see "Event A then Event B."
The Error: Radical Empiricism. Be rejecting Metaphysics, he destroyed the foundation of Science itself (Induction).
Immanuel Kant
The One-Way Mirror.
Kant tried to save God from Hume's attacks. He split reality into two:
1. Phenomenal: The world of Science/Senses (we can know this).
2. Noumenal: The world of God/Things-in-themselves (we can NEVER know this).
The Error: He locked God out of the rational mind.
Charles Darwin
The Replacement Creator.
With God locked out by Kant, nature needed a new designer. "Natural Selection" became the blind substitute for Divine Wisdom.
The Error: Confusing Mechanism with Agency. Explaining *how* life adapts doesn't explain *why* life exists or *where* the information (DNA) came from.
Friedrich Nietzsche
The Honest Atheist.
He saw the trap. If God is "dead" (irrelevant), then objective Morality, Truth, and Human Rights are dead too. They are just "shadows of God."
The Insight: You cannot have Christian Morality without the Christian God.
Sigmund Freud
The Death of the Soul.
Since we are just animals (Darwin), our "morality" is just repressed sexual frustration. God is just a "Father Figure" projection.
The Error: Reducing the complex Human Soul (Ruh) to simple animal instincts (Nafs).
Post-Modernism
The End of Truth.
Derrida, Foucault, and Rorty. Since there is no God, there is no "Capital T" Truth. There is only Power. Language is just a game to control people.
The Error: Self-Refuting. Is the statement "There is no Truth" true? If yes, it's false.
The Return to Reason
The First Principle.
We step off the train of madness.
1. We trust our Reason (Aql) because it is anchored in the Necessary Being.
2. We trust Science as the study of God's Habits (Sunnah).
3. We trust Revelation because it bypasses the limits of the finite mind.